Ice Out

Out of Equilibrium? The World’s Changing Ice Cover

How Does Changing Ice-Out Affect Arctic versus Boreal Lakes? A Comparison Using Two Years with Ice-Out that Differed by More Than Three Weeks

The timing of lake ice-out has advanced substantially in many regions of the Northern Hemisphere, however the effects of ice-out timing on lake properties and how they vary regionally remain unclear. Using data from two inter-annual monitoring datasets for a set of three Arctic lakes and one boreal lake, we compared physical, chemical and phytoplankton metrics from two years in which ice-out ti...

Production of Ice Nucleation Deficient (Ice-) Mutants of the Epiphytic Strains of Erwinia herbicola

To mutate the Ice Nucleation Active (INA) gene in Erwinia herbicola strains, Tn-5 transposon carried by Psup2021 plasmid was used. This plasmid was transferred to the bacterial cells by electroporation. Electrotransformation was carried out for 2.5 ms at 1800 v and 1 mm distance between the electrodes. Polymerase chain reaction was used for determination of presence or loss of INA gene, using a...

Size distribution of magnetic charge domains in thermally activated but out-of-equilibrium artificial spin ice

A crystal of emerging magnetic charges is expected in the phase diagram of the dipolar kagomé spin ice. An observation of charge crystallites in thermally demagnetized artificial spin ice arrays has been recently reported by S. Zhang and coworkers and explained through the thermodynamics of the system as it approaches a charge-ordered state. Following a similar approach, we have generated a par...

Self-generated Off-axis Holography in Interferometric Out-of-focus Imaging of Ice Particles